<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bsuir</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Доклады БГУИР</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Doklady BGUIR</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-7648</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2708-0382</issn><publisher><publisher-name>БГУИР</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35596/1729-7648-2025-23-1-7-13</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bsuir-4054</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оксидные пленки со встроенным электрическим зарядом для регулирования процессов гемостаза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Oxide Films with Built-in Electric Charge for Regulation of Hemostasis Processes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарук</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazarouk</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лазарук Сергей Константинович, д-р физ.-мат. наук, проф., зав. научно-исследовательской лабораторией «Интегрированные микро- и наносистемы» (НИЛ 4.6)</p><p>220013, г. Минск, ул. П. Бровки, 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lazarouk Serguei Konstantinovich, Dr. of Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Professor, Head of the Research Laboratory “Integrated Micro- and Nanosystems” (Lab 4.6)</p><p>220013, Minsk, P. Brovki St., 6</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg@nano.bsuir.edu.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Купреева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kupreeva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>науч. cотр. НИЛ 4.6</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher at the Lab 4.6</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Томашевич</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tomashevich</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инж.-электрон. НИЛ 4.6</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Electronics Engineer at the Lab 4.6</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уткина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Utkina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доц., вед. науч. сотр. научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Технология гибридных микросхем» (НИЛ 4.2)</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Research Laboratory “Hybrid Microcircuit Technology” (Lab 4.2)</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жигулин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhyhulin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>нач. сектора физико-технического анализа Государственного центра «Белмикроанализ»</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Sector of Physical and Technical Analysis of the “Belmicroanalysis” State Center</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбачев</surname><given-names>Ф. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbacheu</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доц. каф. челюстно-лицевой хирургии</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor at the Depart ment of Maxillofacial Surgery</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ластовка</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lastovka</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>проф. каф. челюстно-лицевой хирургии</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский государственный университет информатики и радиоэлектроники</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics &#13;
(BSUIR)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ОАО «ИНТЕГРАЛ» – управляющая компания холдинга «ИНТЕГРАЛ»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “INTEGRAL” – Manager Holding Company “INTEGRAL”</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский государственный медицинский университет (БГМУ)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State Medical University (BSMU)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лазарук С.К., Купреева О.В., Томашевич Л.П., Уткина Е.А., Жигулин Д.В., Горбачев Ф.А., Ластовка А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лазарук С.К., Купреева О.В., Томашевич Л.П., Уткина Е.А., Жигулин Д.В., Горбачев Ф.А., Ластовка А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S.K., Kupreeva O.V., Tomashevich L.P., Utkina E.A., Zhyhulin D.V., Gorbacheu F.A., Lastovka A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://doklady.bsuir.by/jour/article/view/4054">https://doklady.bsuir.by/jour/article/view/4054</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассмотрено формирование пленок оксидов вентильных металлов ряда алюминий, цирконий, титан, тантал, ниобий толщиной около 100 нм электрохимическим анодированием в электролите на основе 1%-ного водного раствора лимонной кислоты. Исследовано влияние пленок анодных оксидов вентильных металлов со встроенным электретным зарядом на процесс гемостаза крови при ее контактировании с поверхностью оксидных пленок. Установлено, что пленки оксидов, имеющие отрицательный электрический заряд (оксиды алюминия и циркония), замедляют процесс гемостаза крови, а пленки анодных оксидов с положительным электрическим зарядом (оксиды ниобия и тантала) ускоряют его. Даны рекомендации по использованию покрытий с отрицательным электрическим зарядом в качестве покрытий имплантатов для обеспечения тромборезистентного эффекта. Оксиды вентильных металлов с положительным зарядом могут быть использованы при обработке ран для остановки кровотечения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The formation of films of valve metal oxides of the aluminum, zirconium, titanium, tantalum, niobium series with a thickness of about 100 nm by electrochemical anodization in an electrolyte based on a 1 % aqueous solution of citric acid is considered. The effect of films of anodic oxides of valve metals with a built-in electret charge on the process of blood hemostasis when it contacts the surface of oxide films is studied. It is found that films of oxides with a negative electric charge (oxides of aluminum and zirconium) slow down the process of blood hemostasis, and films of anodic oxides with a positive electric charge (oxides of niobium and tantalum) accelerate it. Recommendations are given for the use of coatings with a negative electric charge as implant coatings to ensure a thromboresistant effect. Positively charged valve metal oxides can be used in wound treatment to stop bleeding.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оксидные пленки</kwd><kwd>электрохимическое анодирование</kwd><kwd>встроенный электрический заряд</kwd><kwd>гемостаз крови</kwd><kwd>тромборезистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oxide films</kwd><kwd>electrochemical anodizing</kwd><kwd>built-in electric charge</kwd><kwd>blood hemostasis</kwd><kwd>thromboresistance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Белорусского республиканского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проект от 1 марта 2024 г. № Т24В-009).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efficiency of Avalanche Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Porous Silicon / S. K. Lazarouk [et al.] // Semiconductors. 2005. Vol. 39, No 1. P. 136–138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S. K., Leshok A. A., Labunov V. A., Borisenko V. E. (2005) Efficiency of Avalanche Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Porous Silicon. Semiconductors. 39 (1), 136–138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anodic Nanoporous Titania for Electro-Optical Devices / S. Lazarouk [et al.] // Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2007. Vol. 46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S., Xie Z., Chigrinov V., Kwok H. (2007) Anodic Nanoporous Titania for Electro-Optical Devices. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Visible Electroluminescence from Al-Porous Silicon Reverse Bias Diodes Formed on the Base of Degenerate N-Type Silicon AF / S. Lazarouk [et al.] // MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive. 1996. Vol. 358. P. 659–664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S., Bondarenko V., Pershukevich P., Monica S., Maiello G. (1996) Visible Electroluminescence from Al-Porous Silicon Reverse Bias Diodes Formed on the Base of Degenerate N-Type Silicon AF. MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive. 358, 659–664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electroluminescence from Aluminum-Porous Silicon Reverse-Biased Schottky Diodes Formed on the Base of Highly Doped N-Type Polysilicon / S. Lazarouk [et al.] // Thin Solid Films. 1996. Vol. 276, No 1. P. 296–298.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S., Bondarenko V., Monica S., Maiello G., Masini G. (1996) Electroluminescence from Aluminum-Porous Silicon Reverse-Biased Schottky Diodes Formed on the Base of Highly Doped N-Type Polysilicon. Thin Solid Films. 276 (1), 296–298.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stable Electroluminescence of Nanostructured Silicon Embedded into Anodic Alumina / P. Katsuba [et al.] // Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2009. Vol. 41, No 6. P. 931–934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsuba P., Jaguiro P., Lazarouk S., Smirnov A. (2009) Stable Electroluminescence of Nanostructured Silicon Embedded into Anodic Alumina. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 41 (6), 931–934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Si-Based Optoelectronic Couple / P. Jaguiro [et al.] // Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2009. Vol. 41, No 6. P. 1094–1096.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaguiro P., Katsuba P., Lazarouk S., Moore S., Smirnov A. (2009) Si-Based Optoelectronic Couple. Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 41 (6), 1094–1096.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">3D Silicon Photonic Structures Based on Avalanche LED with Interconnections Through Optical Interposer / S. K. Lazarouk [et al.] // International Journal of Nanoscience. 2019. Vol. 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S. K., Leshok A. A., Kozlova T. A., Dolbik A. V., Vi L. D., Ilkov V. K. (2019) 3D Silicon Photonic Structures Based on Avalanche LED with Interconnections Through Optical Interposer. International Journal of Nanoscience. 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Влияние поверхностного потенциала анодных алюмооксидных пленок на их зарядовые свойства / В. Л. Динь [и др.] // Доклады БГУИР. 2019. Т. 5, № 123. С. 72–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Din V. L., Kupreeva O. V., Dudich V. V., Filipenya V. A., Lazarouk S. K. (2019) The Influence of the Surface Potential of Anodic Alumina Films on Their Charging Properties. Doklady BGUIR. 5 (123), 72–78 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Биоактивные покрытия на основе оксидов титана и тантала для титановых имплантатов / С. И. Багаев [и др.] // Современные методы и технологии создания и обработки материалов: сб. науч. тр., в 2 кн. Минск: Физ.-техн. ин-т Нац. акад. наук Беларуси, 2021. Кн. 1. С. 250–263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagayev S. I., Smyaglikov I. P., Lazarouk S. K., Kupreeva O. V. (2021) Bioactive Coatings Based on Titanium and Tantalum Oxides for Titanium Implants. Modern Methods and Technologies for Creating and Processing Materials, Collection of Scientific Papers, in 2 Books, Book 1. Minsk, Physical-Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. 250–263 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Влияние морфологии поверхности титановых имплантатов на реакцию со стороны костной ткани / О. В. Купреева [и др.] // Современные методы и технологии создания и обработки материалов: сб. науч. тр. XII Междунар. науч.-техн. конф., в 3-х кн. Минск: Физ.-техн. ин-т Нац. акад. наук Беларуси, 2017. С. 174–178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupreeva O. V., Bagayev S. I., Mazurenko A. N., Dudich O. N., Krasilnikova V. L. (2017) The Influence of Titanium Implant Surface Morphology on the Reaction of Bone Tissue. Modern Methods and Technologies for Creating and Processing Materials, Collection of Scientific PAPERS of the XII International Scientific and Technical Conference, in 3 Books. Minsk, Physical-Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. 174–178 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткаченко, С. С. Электростимуляция остеорепарации / С. С. Ткаченко, В. В. Руцкий. Л.: Медицина, 1989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tkachenko S. S., Rutsky V. V. (1989) Electrostimulation of Osteoreparation. Leningrad, Medicine Publ. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бочаров, М. Е. Электрическая составляющая кровообращения / М. Е. Бочаров // Концепт. 2015. Т. 13. C. 2511–2515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bocharov M. E. (2015) Electrical Component of Blood Circulation. Concept. 13, 2511–2515 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сравнительные исследования легированных оловом тонкопленочных структур оксида индия различной толщины на стеклянной подложке для биомедицинских приложений сепарации и концентрирования клеток цельной крови / А. И. Драпеза [и др.] // Современные методы и технологии создания и обработки материалов: сб. науч. тр., в 2 кн. Минск: Физ.-техн. ин-т Нац. акад. наук Беларуси, 2022. Кн. 2. С. 91–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapeza A. I., Lazarouk S. K., Khmelnitsky A. I., Loban V. A., Orekhovskaya T. I., Dolbik A. V., et al. (2022) Comparative Studies of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Thin-Film Structures of Different Thickness on a Glass Substrate for Biomedical Applications of Whole Blood Cell Separation and Concentration. Modern Methods and Technologies for the Creation and Processing of Materials: A Collection of Scientific Papers, in 2 Books, Book 2. Minsk, Physicotechnical Institute of the of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. 91–101 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Изучение электрокинетических возможностей сепарации и концентрирования бактерий (S. aureus) в цельной крови четырехэлектродным биосенсорным чип-форматом с прозрачными микроэлектродами / А. И. Драпеза [и др.] // Доклады БГУИР. 2022. Т. 20, № 5. С. 73–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapeza A. I., Lazaruk S. K., Skorokhod G. A., Loban V. A., Orekhovskaya T. I., Khmelnitsky A. I., et al. (2022) Study of Electrokinetic Capabilities of Separation and Concentration of Bacteria (S. Aureus) in Whole Blood Using a Four-Electrode Biosensor Chip Format with Transparent Microelectrodes. Doklady BGUIR. 20 (5), 73–81 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оптимизация состава среды и размеров конструкционных элементов биопроцессорного чипа-формата c NI микроэлектродами для разделения и концентрации S. aureus в модельных условиях и в цельной крови / А. И. Драпеза [и др.] // Медэлектроника–2020. Средства медицинской электроники и новые медицинские технологии: сб. науч. ст. XII Междунар. науч.-техн. конф., г. Минск, 10 дек. 2020 г. Минск: Белор. гос. ун-т информ. и радиоэлек., 2020. С. 163–169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapeza A. I., Lazarouk S. K., Gudkova E. I., Loban V. A., Orekhovskaya T. I., Khmelnitsky A. I., et al. (2020) Optimization of the Composition of the Medium and the Sizes of the Structural Elements of the Bioprocessor Chip-Format with NI Microelectrodes for the Separation and Concentration of S. Aureus Under Model Conditions and in Whole Blood. Medelectronics–2020. Medical Electronics and New Medical Technologies: Collection of Scientific Articles of the XII International Scientific and Technical Conference, Minsk, Dec. 10. Minsk. Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics. 163–169 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effect of the Surface Structure of Titanium Implants on the Response to the Bone Tissue / S. K. Lazarouk [et al.] // Physics, Chemistry and Application of Nanostructures. 2017. P. 433–436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S. K., Kupreeva O. V., Dudich O. N., Krasilnikova V. L., Bahayeu S. I. (2017) Effect of the Surface Structure of Titanium Implants on the Response to the Bone Tissue. Physics, Chemistry and Application of Nanostructures. 433–436.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Влияние поверхностной структуры титановых имплантатов на реакцию со стороны костной ткани / С. К. Лазарук [и др.] // Доклады БГУИР. 2016. Т. 1, № 95. С. 100–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarouk S. K., Kupreeva O. V., Isaev D. V., Gorbachev F. A., Lastovka A. S. (2016) The Influence of the Surface Structure of Titanium Implants on the Reaction of Bone Tissue. Doklady BGUIR. 1 (95), 100–103 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оптические свойства анодного оксида титана и его применение в челюстно-лицевой хирургии / Е. А. Гвоздовская [и др.] // Доклады БГУИР. 2016. Т. 5, № 99. С. 48–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gvozdovskaya E. A., Timoshevich I. V., Korzun K. A., Lazarouk S. K., Kupreeva O. V., Isaev D. V., et al. (2016) Optical Properties of Anodic Titanium Oxide and Its Application in Maxillofacial Surgery. Doklady BGUIR. 5 (99), 48–53 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
